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Incentives & consequences


Why systems produce what they reward — and the perverse outcomes nobody intended.

  1. Incentives

    Incentives are the rewards and punishments that drive behaviour. To predict what people will do, look not at what they…

    Mental model · updated 29 May 2026

  2. Goodhart's law

    Goodhart's law states that when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure. Once people are rewarded…

    Mental model · updated 29 May 2026

  3. The cobra effect

    The cobra effect is when an attempted solution makes the problem worse, because the incentive it creates is gamed.…

    Mental model · updated 30 Jun 2026

  4. Tragedy of the commons

    The tragedy of the commons is when individuals, each acting in their own rational self-interest, deplete a shared…

    Mental model · updated 29 May 2026

  5. Jevons paradox

    Jevons paradox is the counter-intuitive finding that making the use of a resource more efficient often increases total…

    Mental model · updated 30 Jun 2026

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Written by Paulo de Vries · free to read, no sign-up